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HomeMy WebLinkAboutResolutions - 1959.12.14 - 19190Decs.emc...er 14, 1959 RESOLUTION # 3596 BY Mr, Cordon IN RE: DESIGNATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES OF DEPARTMENT HEADS OF OAKLAND COUNTY GOVERNMENT IN TO THE OAKLAND COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS Mr, Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen; WHEREAS, on May 15, 1959, the Michigan Office of Civil Defense presented a document, approved by the Governor, entitled "Michigan Operational Survival Plan'', and WHEREAS, Oakland County is an integral part of the Survival Plan, being designated as both a Target and Reception County, and WHEREAS, this Survival Plan includes directives and assignments of responsibility to the different County Departments, and WHEREAS, on April 14, 1959, this Board did, by Miscellaneous Resolution 3503, establish an organization for Civil Defense for Oakland County with the intent and purpose to establish an organization that will insure the complete and efficient utilization of all of the County's facilities to combat disaster resulting from enemy attack or natural disoster'' and "development of plans for the immediate use of all of the facilities, equipment, manpower, and other resources of the County", and WHEREAS, the Michigan Operational Survival Plan specifically delegates and assigns responsibilities to the various departments of County government in matters of Civil Defense as contained in the attachment to this resolution, NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that, in order to conform to the Michigan Operational Survival Plan, this Board, as a supplement to Miscellaneous Resolution 3503, does hereby delegate and assign to the various departments of Oakland County government the responsibilities in the Civil Defense program commensurate with their normal operations as contained in the attached list, HE COUNTY CIVIL DEFENSE PROGRAM Margaret E. Hill Vance C. Fouts Taylor &.ncirles MR. CHAIRMAN, on behalf of the Civil Defense Committee, I move the adoption of the foregoing resolution. CIVIL DEFENSE 'OMMITTEE EXPLANATORY NOTE TO THE READER This Prototype Survival Plan has been prepared as a pattern s or model; to be followed by county Civil Defense forces In preparing operational survival plans for their respective counties. The Prototype has been designed for those counties which would assume the primary role of: (1) A Reception County; a county which would redeive and care for evacueesfrom Target Areas in the state, under attack or anticipated attack conditions or .(2) A Support County; a county having a primary mission of supplying aid and assistance to Reception Counties or distressed areas. Survival planning must be based upon certain basic assumptions. In preparing eurvival plans for the state and its fiajor political Subdivisions, assumptions were made that certain industrial cities and metropolitan areas would become the trIrget of enemy attack. Counties not included in -Target Leas would -come to the aid and assistanee of the Tatget Area population in Supplying them with the necessities of life and aid in re-establishing the disrupted economy in the state resulting from attack. In an age of supersonic speed bombers and intercontinental missiles, no person s not even-the enemy, can pin point targets during an attack, A near miss might mean striking a community many miles from the selected target. It is therefore conceivable that almost an comitunity in Miehigan could become the Victim of attack. The hazard of radioactive fallout is one for which Is prediction of the scope s extent of coverage over the state or speed of travel cannot be accurately predicted. Varying temperature and wind conditions from day to day would affect fallout patterns. It is therefore imperative that survival planning on the -county level takes into aecount-a number of possible situations and makes provisions for the possible evacuation of the county in case of surprise attack or the hazard Of fallout as well as provisions for-the asSumption of primary mission of reception and care of evacuees, rescue and aid in distressed areas, or support to other counties performing rescue s reception and care functions, Since every oounty -in Michigan is, to a degree, unique in its geographic location, density of population, proximity to assumed potential Target Area's, size or county government agencies andamount -of equipment on hand, location of private sources of material s supplies -and -oquipment in private industry and -commerce s - location of state or federal inStitutions and many -other-considerations, no single survival plan itay be written-which would be operational in every count?. In order that full utilization of CivilDefonde forces may be made on a State-wide basis it is necessary -that basic uniformities of survival plans be would be operational in every oounty.- In order that full utilization of -Civil Defgnje forces nay be made on a state-wide basis, it is necessary that basic uniformities of survival plans be common to all, The purpose of the Prototypeis to provide the framework and format upon which an operational survival plan, complete with detailed local procedures, may be developed. * * * n•• n•n•n• Phases of the Plan The Plan is based on the following time-phases: 1. PRE-ATTACK Pre-attack is the present period of time prier to the receipt of the Attack Warning. It ie that period during which planning and training can be carried on to proiide information and preparation to meet an emergency that may not happen in our lifetime, but may happen tomorrow. 2. ATTACK Attack is that period of time following the first warning until the time of actual attack. It may be a -matter of minutes or several hours. No time will be allowed for organization or procrastination. Entire popu- lations must moVe beyond the Target Areas during this time or take cover in the best available refuge. Intelligence may bring a warning of many hours, days, or months -in advance of attack. Such a time element ITrould allow for advance evacuation of hospitals, schools and nonessential personnel, as well as essential equipment, materials and supplies. 3. POST-ATTACK Post-attack is that period following an actual -attack by thd enemy. It is at this timd that the strength of our planning and -the will of our people to survive will determine whether we have received a "knock-down" or nknouk-outtl blow. FOREWORD Survival planning-in NIchigan is predicated on the fact that Civil Defense is not a-separate authority with its own Command and control Stfucture. -Civil Defense is civil government in an emergency situation wherein additional duties, functions and responsibility are assumed along with or in addition to normal day-to-day goVefnmehtal functions, In this plan-the ground rulesare sot forth for the utilization of county governmental units and their personnel to form the basic Civil Defense program for the county. ACcording to our form of government, counties in Nachtpn are political subdivi- sions of-the state operating under a policy of self-government at the county level, limited by certain laws and regulations of the state. -Under emergency conditions this basic concept would not change. For the survival of the state as a whole, howevet, all Civil Defense forces - state, county and city - will be placed under the -direct unified command of -the -Governor. Under-state control personnel, facilities; materials and su -Pplios in excess quantitiea in one county of the state may be directed to the relief of another county in distress. Civil-Defense at all levels of Command is organized into serviee -units or divibions to -provide for -the qUick dispersal and operating efficiency of needed services. Elghteen service Units, each the raponaibility of a county govern- mental agency, make up the C1il Defense ofganization at -the county level. The state Civil Defense organization has identical and -additional serived units.- Each state Civil Defense service has the responsibility for its service specialty on a state-wide basis. Technical assistance., help and guidance of state Civil Defense services Will extend to and -inciude services at the county level. Service units of -county Civil Defense organizations remain under the -control of the - - County Civil Defense Director. When all or a part of a particular 8ounty's Civil Defense service is deemed to be needed i4ore in anothef county than in its own by the counterpart state Civil Defense sertice, the service difeetor at the tate level will make his request for support through -the State Civil Defense Director who, through-his representative, the Area Coordinator, will direct his orders to the County Civil Defense Director* The development and implementation of an operational eurvival plan for -each county is the -responsibility of the countyls Civil Defense Director, Responsibility for the writing of detailed plans and operating prodedures may, and should be, - delegated to the county governmental official directly responsible for a partic- ular Civil Defense function or service. No survival plan, no matter how potentially effective, will be of any value Unless the people of the doUnty fer W-hose protection it is intended are told about it, accept it and participate in it. Civil Defense operational eufvival planning does not, however, end -with the - preparation of-plans, detailing of operating procedures of inferming the public. The sole certainty of Civil Defense planning is-that it will continue to change It &1st keep pace with offensive -and defeneive improvements and developments* Civil Defense is not an exact science nor is it guesswork; but rather it is based on the strength and weaknesses of the hour. It will never be complete* December 31, 1958 OAKLAND COUNTY SURVIVAL PLAN I. MISSION AND SITUATION A. MISSION The mission of the -OAKLAND County Survival Plan is to organize, coordinate and direct the actions of the county Civil -Defense forces and the general public to execute prepared plans of operations in the -event of an eneiy- caused emergency Or natural dieaster; to save the maximum number of -lives; to reduce cabualties and minimite datage -to property; to be reeponsible for the receipt,-analysis and dissemination of the Attack Warning; to receive -and -provide care for evacuees from Target Areas; to evacuate the population including evacuees fram -Target Areas to safe areas in case Of the threat of fallout; and to provide support and assistance to Reception and Care Counties and Target Areas. B. SITUATION 1. Enemy Capabilities a. It is -aesumed that potential enemies of the' United States have the capability of launching an attack on the United -States -with sUfficient weapons to strike a high proportion -of our Eilitary, industrial and population targets at a time of their choosing. b. It is assumed that nuclear weapons of a megaton tone million tons) yield would be u5ed; These weapons cadld be delivered by mdnned aircraft or by missiles launched at points outside the continental United States. c. It 15 recognized that ether weapons such as incendiary, biological, chemical and psychological agents could also be used. _ d. The enemy is capable -of delivering this selection of weapons to pfoduce the destruction of any community within the State of Michigan.. 20 Natural Disaster No community in Michigan can be considered immUne from tornadoes, floods, fires Of major proportions, or other disasters occurring from natural or accidental causes. _ 3, Civil Defeng2_gazIbillties of laIllizan _ _ a. Under prevision of the Michigan Civil Defense Act (Act No. 154 of the Public Acts of 1953, as amended,)-upon declaration of a state of emergency resulting from natural disaster or enemy -attack, the Governor and the Director of the -MTchigan Office of Civil Defense would make Evailable the -cd"pabilities and fesources of the state and its political subdivisions for the relief and support of the distressed areas. b. All-county governmental departmEnts„ boards, dombissions and insti- tutions would -be -pressed into Civil Defense missions to carry out the overall mission of the county. co Through the State Warning Point at the Eat Lansing State Pelic6 Headquarters, the Attack Warning system will give all counti5s in Michigan a warning time of from 30 minutes to three hours prior to actual attack by manned aircraft. II,GENERAL PLAN AND ORGANIZATION A. GENERAL PLAN 1. The basic concept of this plan is: _ Government in an emergency situation may be best provided by existing departments and agencies of county governtent. There will be no change in the concept of ceunty government functions -becdu5o of the emergency except to place additional duties and responsibilities upon many - county departments. The50 -duties and respon5ibilities will be defined and assigned, either individually or collectively, t5 one or more county governmental units, departments, or agencies in the form of Civil Defense services, S5rvice annexes; which are a part of the County Prototype Plano -define these services by governmental units in-kavedo Implementation of these services by -county govefnmental units will be provided by the local County Civil Defense Director and members of his Civil Defense forces* 2. The plan provides for •nn a. Counties designated as Reception Counties. b. Counties designated as Support Counties. c. Counties deeignated as-Target Counties (counties wholly -or partially contained within a designated Target Area). Such counties may not come under enemy attack but may be °ailed upon to receive and care for evacuees from other parts of the state which do come under attacks 3. The plan will be put into effect on decision-and declaration of a-state of etergency by the Governor, or when an official Attack Warning is received. •n••n 4. The operational forces will perform their missions in support of thi§ plan as outlined in paragraph III, Actions to -be Taken -By County Civil Defenso Services, and as described in the various service annexes of this plan. 5. The general public will be expected to catply with the proviiens of this plan under the director and instruction -of the County Civil Defense Director and personnel of the operating services. 6, Civil Defense forces and equipment and faClIfties from evacuated Target Areas Will be integrated into the local Civil Defense forces if Receptien -of Support Counties. Asb-ignment of such forces; equipment and facilities will be under the direction of the State Civil Defense Area Coordinator. 7, Th the event -a-Reception or Support County comes -under enemy attack without eufficieht warning to evacuate that portion of the -county, Cue to abortive bombing Or misses from Target Areas, fuIl -utilization will be made of all existing structures for refuge, utilizing structures below ground where available* 8. In the event that a warning is received from the State Control Center - that a Recoptien or Support -County is In danger of receiving radioEctive fallout resulting from bombings in Other parts of the state or nation, the County Civil Defense Director Will alert the population and proceed to evacuate to another area as designated by -the State Civil Defense Area Coordinators Evaduation will be according to the local movements plan or via routes designated by the State Civil Defense Area Coordinator. 9, Suppof.t Oeunties will prepare to receive evacuees from Reception Counties in the -event that a relocation of residents and evacuees from Reception Counties is ordered by the State Civil Defense Area Co- ordnnators - Support Counties will epare to receive evacuees in numbers correspending to two and one-half times the Support Countyfs current population, nn•nn 10. Eae Target County will develop (in addition to plans to implement the local nevemont plan -of evacuation of all or part of the county) plan te receive and provide emergency care fer evacuees If= other communi- ties -; Each county will prepare to receive evacuees in ntmbers corres- ponding to two and one-half the cotntyls current populations •••n B. ORGANIZATION 1. The County Prototype Plan is based onTan organizntion of existing governmental forces, augmented by auxiliary personnel, a. COufity Civil Defense forces will be under the direction of the -County Civil Defense Direbtor Of the eounty -involved. The County -Civil Defense Director will bo -administratively responsible to his State Civil Defense Area Coordinator, _ b. Each -county Civil-Defense organization will be -staffed by service sections as described in service annexes of this plan. ••n• 2. CouritY Civil Defense forces In nonTargot Areas will organize their activities to aid and assist damaged areas and to care for evacuees from evacuated areas, a. Counties designated as -Receptien Counties will organize their Civil Defense forces to receive l -register; hout.e; clothe and feed evacuees from Target Areas.- Reception Counties Civil Defense Welfare Services will integrate trained Civil Defense Enorgency Welfare -personnel from evacuated areas into their Emergency Welfare Services. b. Counties designated as-Support Counties will organite their Civil Defense forces tincluding Police, Fire; Health, Medical and Mortuary, Rescue, and Engineering Services) to give aid and assist stricken areas and -Reception Counties caring for evacuees as directed by the State Civil Defense Area Coordinator. III, ACTIONS TO DE TAKEN BY COUNTY CIVIL DEFENSE SERVICES UNDER CONDITIONS OF: Each service -will prepare comprehensive plans which will detail the actions to be taken during Pre-attack, Attack and Po5t-attack phases.- Local governmental agencies will be assigned the responsibility for implementing each service. A. PRE-ATTACK 1. During the PreLattack period each county Cill Defense service will develop operating procedures to accomplish its mission. 2. Inventories of -supplies and equipment including Inventory Reseuroe Books will be established and kept current. Copies of all changes in in- ventbry appearing in-the Inventory Resource Books shall be sent to -the Michigan Office of Civil Defence to ensure up-to-date, state-wide in- ventories of available supplies, equipment and resources. 3. Rosters Of -all personnel asigned to each Civil Defense serviee in the County CiIil Defense organization shall be established and naintained. Rosters will include names, addresses, and telephone numbers of all personnel. B, ATTACK Upon receipt of an Attack Warning the following action will be taken: _ 1. Alerting of Civil Defense forces. All Civil Defense personnel will be alerted. 2. "Take-Cover" If a "Take-Cover" waning is sounded all Civil Defense personnel and the general public will seek the best available refuge. _ _ 3. Implefentation-of local Survival Flan. Each cOunty Civil Defense organiation will prepare to carry out its assigned mission as a Reception or Support County. C. POST-ATTACK 1. For some tifie after the attack, counties -in-Reception and Support Afeas will be limited to only those supplies within the cOunty. No immediate support or help is to be expected for a period of time. _ _ 2. Proper distribution and control of essential supplies must be maintained. 3. Rationikl will be -estdbliffhed at the national level or -the state level aS required and distribution points within the county implemented as directed by the State Civil Defense Director. D. CIVIL DEFENSE SERVICES 1, Attack Wrnin7 Service (Annex A) Will providt warning of iffipending attack and peftinent warning informa- tion to Civil Defense officials and the population of the county. Responsibility for the Attack Warning Service 1.." usually , delegated to the Sheriffs Department by the Civil Defense Director. 2. Communications Service (Annex B) _ _ TheCotuunications Service will -pfovide inter-serVice-and intra-sOrvide communications -for the county Civil Defense organizations, communications to the appropriateState Civil Defense Area Control Center and to Reception Centers throughout the county. Responsibility for -this sorice may be -delo2ated to the Sheriffs Department which will work in cooperEtion with other county departments of agonci -6s such as the Road Commission, which have mobile communica- tions equipment and with representatives of the local telephone company. •••n 1n•• COUNTY SURVIVAL PLAN LIST OF SERVICE ANNEXES AND AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE ANNEX SERVICE AGENCY. RESPONSIBLE A. Attack Warning Sheriff's Department B. Communications Sheriff's Department C. Intelligence Sheriff's Department D. Police Sheriff's Department E. Welfare Welfare Department F. Engineering Road Commission G. Transportation Road Commission H. Radiological Defense Health Department I. Fire Township Fire Departments J. Rescue Road Commission K. Manpower Nmonnei Depart-m.61K= Local Branch Office _ L. Administrative Civil Defense Health, Medical and Mortuary Health Department O. Supply Purchasing Division _ - R. Le7a1 Civil Counsel S.Emergency Information Civil Defense _ _ _ T. Training Civil Defense U. School Superintendent of Schools CIVIL DEFENSE MISSIONS FOR COUNTY. AGENCIES BASIC PLAN •nnn Mission of County Survival Plan The mission of the Oakland County-SUrvival Plan is to organize, coordinate' and direct the actions of the county Civil Defense forces and the general public to execute prepared plans of operatiOns in the event -of an enemy-caused emergency or natural disaster; to save the maximum number of lives; to reduce casualties and mihimite damage to propertyrto be responsible for the receipt, analysis and dissemination of the Attack Warning; to receive and provide care for evacuees from Target Areas -to safe areas in -case of the threat of fallout; and to provide sup- port and assistance to Reception and Care Counties and Target Areas, SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT 0 Attack Warninz - Mission nn• To provide for the receipt and rapid dis5emination of Attack WarninR and Warning Information, including natural disasters, to the County Civil Wense Director, heads of connty government, schools, hOspitals and other institu- tions, etc., and to citiOs, towns and Villages within the county not other- wise alerted by the Michigan State Police. _ 2. Communications - Mission To plan, arrange for, and/or provide, rapid, efficient and -secure means of corminnicationS- as may be required by Omergency goir-ernment in Oakland County, Micnigan„ during periods of natural disaster or, in the event of enemy attack, during the Pre-attack and Post-attack periods. 3. Intellipence - Mission The Intelligence Service will provide the facilities to §ystematically receive, collget„ examine and -interpret infOrmation from all possible sources. It will provide the County Civil Defenso Director and all levels -of govgrnment timely and factual information upon which to base plans and decisions in the event of an enemy-caused emergency. 4. Police - Mission To protect life and property, enforce laws and regulations, regulate and control traffic of -the Movement Plan, including evacuation of peragns from Target Areas enterinT; or par3sin -g through the county, provide security l -prevent sabotage and subversive aotiVities„ onduct explosive ordnance reconnaissance and perform radiation detection and light rescue operations. WELFARE DEPARTMENT . Welfare - Mission The mission is to sustain minimum-living enditions in periods of gmergency In the fields of emOrgency billeting, feeding, clothing, registration and information-and -family rehabilitation services, as needbd, following enemy attack, taking into account the need for the refuge against fallout. ROAD COMMISSION 1. Engineerinlz - Mission The -miss/on of th6 Eteineering Service is to -direet and coordinate all - engineering activity in the county.- The engineering program will provide for the emergency clearing and restbratiOn of highways, streets, bridges and other - structures, and provide for radiological monitoring. 2.12ranslEtation - Mission To Utilize -aS much of the transportation-capability of the county as possible during a Civil Defense emergency; to -agsist adjacent Target-Areas in the evacuation of -sChools, hospitals, critical supplies and equipment; and to meet County Civil Defense Transportation requirements in the Post-attack period. 3. Rescue - Mission To locate and release people entrapped in structures, vehicles; and open areas where debris and rubble have piled up to render first aid durTng emergency operationg, and to assist other counties and distressed areas in performing their dutios. HEALTH DEPARTMENT 1. Radiological Defense - Mission _ To minimize the effects of radiation preduced -by nuelear attack on personnel; to promete the earlient and most effective utiIizatTon of 07Tvil Defense ferces by providing information on the radiological situation; to issue infermation on allowable expusure; and to train -the -persenne/ of other services in use of radiological equypment and decontamination techniques. 2. Health, Medical and Mortuau - Mission To previde a basic guide for the mobilization, augmentatTon organization and coordination of all health service personnol. and facil:qties lethin each - county of the '-bato in-order to provide maximum energency medical and hospital care for the sick and -injured to protect the public health And to provide for the collection, identification and disposition of the dead in the event of a major disaster. TOWNSHIP FIRE DEPARTMENTS 1. Fire - Mission To protect life and property through minimization for fire damage caused by or incident to enemy attack; to release entrapped people and render first aid to people during -rescue porations, and to combine efforts with other services sun an Police, Radiolegical Defense, and Health to conduct radio- logical monitoring and decontamination procedures. PERSONNEL DEPARTYENT 1. Administrative - Mission n•••• The misnion of the Adminittrative Service shall be to provide office space and equipment for the Civil Defense Control Center; to recruit personnel and keep payroll records for the staff at the -Control Center; to provide food and-ledging-for the -Control Center; and direct activities of members of the Administrative Service at the Control Center. 20 .422=DELIDSPrMatiOn Mission To flaintain public morale and prevent panic and Confusion immediately before, duritg and after a national emergancy, by providing acCurate and authantic survival information and instructions through news media or other available outlets, concerning: _ a. Individual and collective actions to be taken by the public. b. Neastros provided by emergency government at all levels for public c. Retaliatory actions taken against the enemy. 30 - Mission The mission of the Training Service is to eatatlish and iffiplomplement training programs and to coordinate these prograflis -within all services and governmental agencies, these programs tO include afixil4arlea as implementation demands; to encourage, prOmOte and assist the various services in setting up uun-the-job" emergency training programs. FURCH.41SING DIVISION Supply - M5ssion The mission of the Supply-Service is to prgyide -the essential Supply support to all Civil Defense services in the county during an emergency. CIVIL COUNSEL 1. Leval - Mission •nn The miss/ot of the Legal Service is to provide -advice and guidance to the County Civil Defense Diractor and operating units of Civil Defonsa at the county leIel so that actions ordered under emergency conditiona will be con- sistent with federal, state and loCal government statutes, ordinances„-pro- clamations, teRulations and executile orders; to -represent the county in all matters rainiring legal interpretatirm„ prosecutions, claims and other Court actien arising Out of operations during an emergency period; and to assiat in the preparation of legislation deSigned to legalize additional authority, if needed, by County Civil Defense Directors. SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS 1. School - Mission The misSion-is the development of a "6amplete Civil Defense program in oduca- tional-institutions, These institutions must include every lev61 of - education) kindergarten; elementary, seconOaty-, colleos and univnrsities„ both publia and nonpublic. Thin program requites a fivefold mission of planning, instruction, integration, understanding and leadership. It should be an integral part of the total state educational system. a, amster .2ImaLL, as nearly as possible, shnuId -provide every school In the county with trained personnel and facilities for the protection of stuaents and personnel, b. :Cnstructon within the existing curricelum and at -all 13vols so that c77ery Student will understand that Civil Defense is a vital aspect of hls daily lifS, will know his role in an emergency; and will be physically and psychologically prepared to neat such emergencies. c. Into7ration of the schools resources -so that the professional personnel, including the -adult-educati7m staff will be avallable -as-instruct5rs and loaders for timsly instrectionrso that the school buiIIings, equipment, and -ttansportation faciliti8s -will-bo alailable f5r Civil Defense antivities; and so -6hat training side will be available to the community's Civil Defense program. d. Promotn understanding of diSasters and Civil Defense practices in the community by disseminating inforfflation through the students and every other means of school communication so that every porsnn will ac cept, understand and practice the Civil Defense concept in his daily life. _ e. .Provide 'cadetship, and -coordination of all prngrams affocttng Schools in cooperation 1,6th official Civil Defense agencies and organizations at the county level. CIVIL DEFENSE DEPARTIMT 1. Administrative - Mission The mission of the Administrative Service shall be to provide office space and equipment for the Civil Defense Control Center; to recruit personnel and keep payroll records for the staff at the Control Center; to provide food and lodging for the Control Center; and direct activities of members of the Administrative Service at the Control Center. 2. Elmamency_Information - Mission To maintain public morale and prevent panic and confusion immedi- ately before, during and after a national emergency, by providing accurate and authentic survival information and instructions through news media or other available outlets, concerning: a. Individual and collective actions to be taken by the public. b. Measures provided by Emergency government at all levels for public survival. c. Retaliatory actions taken against the enemy. 3. Training - Mission The mission of the Training Service is to training programs and to coordinate these services and governmental agencies, these auxiliaries as implementation demands; to assist the various services in setting up training programs, establish and implement programs within all programs to include encourage, promote and "on-the-job" emergency